Zakariya A. Ibraheem

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Who Needs Whom? Orientalism Meets Its Reckoning in Ankara

Even inside the language of strategic partnership, the West never fully released Türkiye from this category. Through NATO enlargement, EU accession talks, and Middle East policy, Türkiye has been treated as “critical but uncertain,” “indispensable but untrustworthy”, a full member never quite a full European, an ally forever qualified by brackets. This was Orientalist logic wearing diplomatic dress.

"We are also Muslims": Napoleon's Propaganda and Occupation Game in Egypt

When Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Alexandria on July 2, 1798, he distributed a proclamation in Arabic to the Egyptian people. The proclamation opened with the Bismillah and the Shahada. In his words, Napoleon presented himself as the saviour of the people.